PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RPL OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS WITH CoAP IN LOW POWER AND LOSSY NETWORKS


Özet Görüntüleme: 13 / PDF İndirme: 15

Yazarlar

  • Alper K. DEMIR Dept. of Computer Engineering Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University
  • Sedat BILGILI Dept. of Computer Engineering Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University

Anahtar Kelimeler:

RPL, CoAP, Low Power and Lossy Networks, OF0, MRHOF

Özet

Low Power and Lossy Networks defines a network structure which consists of contrained devices.
Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are highly challenging networks as they are extremely
resource constrained in terms of processing power, memory and energy, such as battery. LLNs are
intrinsically deployed in harsh environments and commonly show unstable low bandwidth, high
packet loss and link failures. It is expected that LLNs will bring new innovative applications into our
lives. On the other hand, it is not possible to use standardized internet protocols because LLN devices
are weak in terms of memory and processing power. As a result, IETF formed 6LoWPAN WG and
ROLL WG to bridge LLNs with the Internet. ROLL WG standardized RPL for the routing needs of
LLNs. RPL leverages different Objective Functions (OFs) to construct RPL topology. Further, IETF
standardized CoAP application layer protocol for the data exchange needs of LLN nodes. Also,
because there are restricted devices in LLN networks, heavy protocols such as TCP cannot be used.
Mechanisms such as congestion control implemented by TCP are operated with applications such as
CoAP in the application layer in networks consisting of restricted devices. How RPL OFs will perform
when CoAP is used at application layer is not broadly investigated area. Like so, in this work, we
evaluated different OFs of RPL where LLN nodes run CoAP for data exchange. MRHOF and OF0, the
two most commonly used Objective Functions in RPL, were considered in the evaluations in this
study. Our results indicate that Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF)
demonstrate better results than Objective Function Zero (OF0).

Yazar Biyografisi

Sedat BILGILI, Dept. of Computer Engineering Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University

Low Power and Lossy Networks defines a network structure which consists of contrained devices.
Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are highly challenging networks as they are extremely
resource constrained in terms of processing power, memory and energy, such as battery. LLNs are
intrinsically deployed in harsh environments and commonly show unstable low bandwidth, high
packet loss and link failures. It is expected that LLNs will bring new innovative applications into our
lives. On the other hand, it is not possible to use standardized internet protocols because LLN devices
are weak in terms of memory and processing power. As a result, IETF formed 6LoWPAN WG and
ROLL WG to bridge LLNs with the Internet. ROLL WG standardized RPL for the routing needs of
LLNs. RPL leverages different Objective Functions (OFs) to construct RPL topology. Further, IETF
standardized CoAP application layer protocol for the data exchange needs of LLN nodes. Also,
because there are restricted devices in LLN networks, heavy protocols such as TCP cannot be used.
Mechanisms such as congestion control implemented by TCP are operated with applications such as
CoAP in the application layer in networks consisting of restricted devices. How RPL OFs will perform
when CoAP is used at application layer is not broadly investigated area. Like so, in this work, we
evaluated different OFs of RPL where LLN nodes run CoAP for data exchange. MRHOF and OF0, the
two most commonly used Objective Functions in RPL, were considered in the evaluations in this
study. Our results indicate that Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF)
demonstrate better results than Objective Function Zero (OF0).

Referanslar

C. Bormann, M. Ersue, and A. Keranen, “Terminology for constrained-node networks,” Tech.

Rep., 2014.

J. Ko, A. Terzis, S. Dawson-Haggerty, D. E. Culler, J. W. Hui, and P. Levis, “Connecting lowpower

and lossy networks to the internet,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 4, pp.

–101, 2011.

A. J. Witwit and A. K. Idrees, “A comprehensive review for rpl routing protocol in low power

and lossy networks,” in International Conference on New Trends in Information and

Communications Technology Applications. Springer, 2018, pp. 50–66.

K. Kim, G. Montenegro, S. Park, I. Chakeres, and C. Perkins, “Dynamic manet on-demand for

lowpan (dymo-low) routing,” Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet-Draft, 2007.

A. Tavakoli and D. Culler, “Hydro: A hybrid routing protocol for lossy and low power networks,”

in IETF Internet Draft, 2009.

K. Kim, S. Yoo, S. Park, J. Lee, and G. Mulligan, “Hierarchical routing over 6lowpan (hilow),” in

IETF Internet Draft, 2007.

G. K. Ee, C. K. Ng, N. K. Noordin, and B. M. Ali, “A review of 6lowpan routing protocols,”

Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network, vol. 30, pp. 71–81, 2010.

O. Gaddour and A. Koubaa, “Rpl in a nutshell: A survey,”ˆ Computer Networks, vol. 56, no. 14,

pp. 3163–3178, 2012.

J. V. Sobral, J. J. Rodrigues, R. A. Rabelo, J. Al-Muhtadi, and V. Korotaev, “Routing protocols

for low power and lossy networks in internet of thingsˆ applications,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 9, p.

, 2019.

P. Thubert, “Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks

(rpl),” Tech. Rep., 2012.

O. Gnawali and P. Levis, “The minimum rank with hysteresis objective function,” Tech. Rep.,

I. Kechiche, I. Bousnina, and A. Samet, “An overview on rpl objective function enhancement

approaches,” in 2018 Seventh International Conference on Communications and Networking

(ComNet). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–4.

Z. Shelby, K. Hartke, and C. Bormann, “The constrained application protocol (coap),” Tech.

Rep., 2014.

C. Bormann, A. P. Castellani, and Z. Shelby, “Coap: An application protocol for billions of tiny

internet nodes,” IEEE Internet Computing, no. 2, pp. 62–67, 2012.

M. Kovatsch, S. Duquennoy, and A. Dunkels, “A low-power coap for contiki,” in Workshop on

Internet of Things Technology and Architectures (IEEE IoTech 2011), 2011.

W. Colitti, K. Steenhaut, N. De Caro, B. Buta, and V. Dobrota, “Evaluation of constrained

application protocol for wireless sensor networks,” in 2011 18th IEEE Workshop on Local &

Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN). IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–6.

M. Kovatsch, M. Lanter, and Z. Shelby, “Californium: Scalable cloud services for the internet of

things with coap,” in 2014 International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT). IEEE, 2014,

pp. 1–6.

A. Ludovici, P. Moreno, and A. Calveras, “Tinycoap: A novel constrained application protocol

(coap) implementation for embedding restful web services in wireless sensor networks based on

tinyos,” Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 288–315, 2013.

M. Collina, M. Bartolucci, A. Vanelli-Coralli, and G. E. Corazza, “Internet of things application

layer protocol analysis over error and delay prone links,” in 2014 7th Advanced Satellite

Multimedia Systems Conference and the 13th Signal Processing for Space Communications

Workshop (ASMS/SPSC). IEEE, 2014, pp. 398–404.

H. Lamaazi, N. Benamar, and A. J. Jara, “Rpl-based networks in static and mobile environment:

A performance assessment analysis,” Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information

Sciences, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 320–333, 2018.

T. Zhang and X. Li, “Evaluating and analyzing the performance of rpl in contiki,” in Proceedings

of the first international workshop on Mobile sensing, computing and communication. ACM,

, pp. 19–24.

I. Wadhaj, I. Kristof, I. Romdhani, and A. Al-Dubai, “Performance evaluation of the rpl protocol

in fixed and mobile sink low-power and lossy-networks,” in 2015 IEEE International Conference

on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications;

Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing. IEEE,

, pp. 1600–1605.

Q. Q. Abuein, M. B. Yassein, M. Q. Shatnawi, L. Bani-Yaseen, O. Al-Omari, M. Mehdawi, and

H. Altawssi, “Performance evaluation of routing protocol (rpl) for internet of things,”

Performance Evaluation, vol. 7, no. 7, 2016.

G. G. Krishna, G. Krishna, and N. Bhalaji, “Analysis of routing protocol for low-power and lossy

networks in iot real time applications,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 87, pp. 270–274, 2016.

I. Kechiche, I. Bousnina, and A. Samet, “A comparative study of rpl objective functions,” in 2017

Sixth International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet). IEEE, 2017, pp.

–6.

M. Qasem, H. Altawssi, M. B. Yassien, and A. Al-Dubai, “Performance evaluation of rpl

objective functions,” in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information

Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure

Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1606–1613.

R. Sharma and T. Jayavignesh, “Quantitative analysis and evaluation of rpl with various objective

functions for 6lowpan,” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 19, p. 1, 2015.

H. Lamaazi and N. Benamar, “A novel approach for rpl assessment based on the objective

function and trickle optimizations,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2019,

W. Mardini, M. Ebrahim, and M. Al-Rudaini, “Comprehensive performance analysis of rpl

objective functions in iot networks,” International Journal of Communication Networks and

Information Security, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 323–332, 2017.

W. Mardini, S. Aljawarneh, A. Al-Abdi, and H. Taamneh, “Performance evaluation of rpl

objective functions for different sending intervals,” in 2018 6th International Symposium on

Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS). IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–6.

W. Alayed, L. Mackenzie, and D. Pezaros, “Evaluation of rpls single metric objective functions,”

in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green

Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing

(CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData). IEEE, 2017, pp. 619–624.

I. Zaatouri, N. Alyaoui, A. B. Guiloufi, and A. Kachouri, “Performance evaluation of rpl

objective functions for multi-sink,” in 2017 18th International Conference on Sciences and

Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA). IEEE, 2017, pp. 661–665.

N. Pradeska, W. Najib, S. S. Kusumawardani et al., “Performance analysis of objective function

mrhof and of0 in routing protocol rpl ipv6 over low power wireless personal area networks

(6lowpan),” in 2016 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical

Engineering (ICITEE). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–6.

T. Potsch, K. Kuladinithi, M. Becker, P. Trenkamp, and C. Goerg, “Performance evaluation of

coap using rpl and lpl in tinyos,” in¨ 2012 5th International Conference on New

Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS). IEEE, 2012, pp. 1–5.

F. Osterlind, “A sensor network simulator for the contiki os,”¨ SICS Research Report,

Yayınlanmış

15.12.2019

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

K. DEMIR, A., & BILGILI, S. (2019). PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RPL OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS WITH CoAP IN LOW POWER AND LOSSY NETWORKS. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences, 6(7), 33–39. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://euroasiajournal.org/index.php/ejas/article/view/465

Sayı

Bölüm

Makaleler