Exosomes and Their Potential Use in Veterinary Medicine

Abdelnaby, E. A., Abdallah, A. N., Anwar, I. M., El‐Tookhy, O. S., & Shamaa, A. A. (2024). The therapeutic effect of stem cell‐derived exosomes in the treatment of chronic endometritis as assessed by histopathological, Doppler and hormonal expression in Arabian mares. Equine Veterinary Education, 36(7), 347-356.

Alvarez-Erviti, L., Seow, Y., Yin, H., Betts, C., Lakhal, S., & Wood, M. J. A. (2011). Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nature Biotechnology, 29(4), 341–345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1807

Arraud, N., Linares, R., Tan, S., Gounou, C., Pasquet, J. M., Mornet, S., & Brisson, A. R. (2014). Extracellular vesicles from blood plasma: Determination of their morphology, size, phenotype and concentration. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 12(5), 614–627.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12554

Asada, H.; Tomiyasu, H.; Uchikai, T.; Ishihara, G.; Goto-Koshino, Y.; Ohno, K.; Tsujimoto, H. Comprehensive analysis of miRNA and protein profiles within exosomes derived from canine lymphoid tumour cell lines. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0208567.

Beaumier, A.; Robinson, S.R.; Robinson, N.; Lopez, K.E.; Meola, D.M.; Barber, L.G.; Bulmer, B.J.; Calvalido, J.; Rush, J.E.; Yeri, A.; et al. Extracellular vesicular microRNAs as potential biomarker for early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J. Veter Intern. Med. 2020, 34, 1260–1271.

Bhatnagar, S., Shinagawa, K., Castellino, F. J., & Schorey, J. S. (2007). Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 110(9), 3234-3244.

Bilici, E., Akgün EE., Akkoç, S., (2025). Comparative Evaluation of the Apoptosis Effect of a Benzimidazole-Based Compound and Cisplatin in DLD-1 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines, Euroasıa 12(1):140-146.

Bilici, E., Akkoç, S., (2025). Investigation of the Cytotoxic Effect of A New NPhenyl Benzimidazole Derivative on Cell Viability in A549 and HepG2 Cell Lines, Van Medical Journal, 32 (1): 3-6.

Bobrie, A., Colombo, M., Raposo, G., & Théry, C. (2011). Exosome secretion: Molecular mechanisms and roles in immune responses. Traffic, 12(12), 1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01225.x

Böing, A. N., van der Pol, E., Grootemaat, A. E., Coumans, F. A. W., Sturk, A., & Nieuwland, R. (2014). Single-step isolation of extracellular vesicles by size-exclusion chromatography. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 3, Article 23430. https://doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.23430

Brady, J.V.; Troyer, R.M.; Ramsey, S.A.; Leeper, H.; Yang, L.; Maier, C.S.; Goodall, C.P.; Ruby, C.E.; Albarqi, H.A.; Taratula, O.; et al. A Preliminary Proteomic Investigation of Circulating Exosomes and Discovery of Biomarkers Associated with the Progression of Osteosarcoma in a Clinical Model of Spontaneous Disease. Transl. Oncol. 2018, 11, 1137–1146.

Chaudhari, P., Ghate, V., Nampoothiri, M., & Lewis, S. (2022). Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy. Cellular signalling, 94, 110325.

Chen, C., Skog, J., Hsu, C.-H., Lessard, R. T., Balaj, L., Wurdinger, T., Carter, B. S., & Breakefield, X. O. (2010). Microfluidic isolation and transcriptome analysis of serum microvesicles. Lab on a Chip, 10(4), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1039/b916199f

Chen, Z., Wang, H., Xia, Y., Yan, F., & Lu, Y. (2018). Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells alleviate inflammation in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 9, Article 225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0973-7

Cheruvanky, A., Zhou, H., Pisitkun, T., Kopp, J. B., Knepper, M. A., Yuen, P. S. T., & Star, R. A. (2007). Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 292(5), F1657–F1661. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00434.2006

Choi JU, Park I-K, Lee Y-K, Hwang SR. The Biological Function and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: Exosomes as Efficient Nanocommunicators for Cancer Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(19):7363.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197363

Chung, I. M., Rajakumar, G., Venkidasamy, B., Subramanian, U., & Thiruvengadam, M. (2020a). Exosomes: Current use and future applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Biomaterials Research, 24, Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00185-3

Chung, I. M., Rajakumar, G., Venkidasamy, B., Subramanian, U., & Thiruvengadam, M. (2020b). Exosomes: Current use and future applications. Clinica Chimica Acta, 500, 226-232.

Clague, M. J., & Urbé, S. (2010). Ubiquitin: Same molecule, different degradation pathways. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 11(3), 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2847

Diomaiuto, E., Principe, V., De Luca, A., Laperuta, F., Alterisio, C., & Di Loria, A. (2021). Exosomes in Dogs and Cats: An Innovative Approach to Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Diseases. Pharmaceuticals, 14(8), 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14080766

El-Tookhy, O.S.; Shamaa, A.A.; Shehab, G.G.; Abdallah, A.N.; Azzam, O.M. Histological Evaluation of Experimentally Induced Critical Size Defect Skin Wounds Using Exosomal Solution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Microvesicles. Int. J. Stem Cells 2017, 10, 144–153.

Escola JM, Kleijmeer MJ, Stoorvogel W, Griffith JM, Yoshie O, Geuze HJ. Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20121-7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20121. PMID: 9685355.

Ferraz, M.D.A.M.M.; Carothers, A.; Dahal, R.; Noonan, M.J.; Songsasen, N. Oviductal extracellular vesicles interact with the spermatozoon’s head and mid-piece and improves its motility and fertilizing ability in the domestic cat. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 1–12.

Fish, E.J.; Irizarry, K.J.; DeInnocentes, P.; Ellis, C.J.; Prasad, N.; Moss, A.G.; Bird, R.C. Malignant canine mammary epithelial cells shed exosomes containing differentially expressed microRNA that regulate oncogenic networks. BMC Cancer 2018, 18, 1–20.

Garnica, T. K., Lesbon, J. C., Ávila, A. C., Rochetti, A. L., Matiz, O. R., Ribeiro, R. C., ... & Fukumasu, H. (2020). Liquid biopsy based on small extracellular vesicles predicts chemotherapy response of canine multicentric lymphomas. Scientific reports, 10(1), 20371.

Goetzl, E. J., Boxer, A., Schwartz, J. B., Abner, E. L., Petersen, R. C., Miller, B. L., & Kapogiannis, D. (2015). Altered lysosomal proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 85(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001702

Gurunathan, S., Kang, M. H., & Kim, J. H. (2021). A comprehensive review on factors influences biogenesis, functions, therapeutic and clinical implications of exosomes. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 16, 1281–1312. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S291956

Han QF, Li WJ, Hu KS, Gao J, Zhai WL, Yang JH, Zhang SJ. Exosome biogenesis: machinery, regulation, and therapeutic implications in cancer. Mol Cancer. 2022 Nov 1;21(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01671-0. PMID: 36320056; PMCID: PMC9623991.

Harding, C., Heuser, J., & Stahl, P. (1983). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and recycling of the transferrin receptor in rat reticulocytes. Journal of Cell Biology, 97(2), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.97.2.329

Heidarpour, M., Krockenberger, M., & Bennett, P. (2024). Review of exosomes and their potential for veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science, 168, 105141.

Helwa, I., Cai, J., Drewry, M. D., Zimmerman, A., Dinkins, M. B., Khaled, M. L., Seremwe, M., Dismuke, W. M., Bieberich, E., Stamer, W. D., & Liu, Y. (2017). A comparative study of serum exosome isolation using differential ultracentrifugation and three commercial reagents. PLoS ONE, 12(1), Article e0170628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170628

Hessvik, N. P., & Llorente, A. (2018). Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 75(2), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2595-9

Howard, J.; Wyse, C.; Argyle, D.; Quinn, C.; Kelly, P.; McCann, A. Exosomes as Biomarkers of Human and Feline Mammary Tumours; A Comparative Medicine Approach to Unravelling the Aggressiveness of TNBC. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Bioenerg. 2020, 1874, 188431.

Ibsen, S. D., Wright, J., Lewis, J. M., Kim, S., Ko, S.-Y., Ong, J., Manouchehri, S., Vyas, A., Yu, M., Chen, C., Carter, B. S., Esener, S. C., & Heller, M. J. (2017). Rapid isolation and detection of exosomes and associated biomarkers from plasma. ACS Nano, 11(7), 6641–6651. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00549

Ichii O., Ohta H., Horino T., Nakamura T., Hosotani M., Mizoguchi T., Morishita K., Nakamura K., Sasaki N., Takiguchi M., et al. Urinary Exosome-Derived microRNAs Reflecting the Changes in Renal Function in Cats. Front. Vet. Sci. 2018;5:289. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00289.

Ichim, T. E., Zhong, Z., Kaushal, S., Zheng, X., Ren, X., Hao, X., ... & Minev, B. R. (2008). Exosomes as a tumor immune escape mechanism: Possible therapeutic implications. Journal of Translational Medicine, 6, Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-6-37

Jammes M, Contentin R, Cassé F and Galéra P (2023) Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1115774. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115774

Kalluri, R. (2016). The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 126(4), 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI81135

Kalluri, R., & LeBleu, V. S. (2020). The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science, 367(6478), Article eaau6977. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977

Kamerkar, S., LeBleu, V. S., Sugimoto, H., Yang, S., Ruivo, C. F., Melo, S. A., Lee, J. J., & Kalluri, R. (2017). Exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer. Nature, 546(7659), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22341

Kang, M., & Guo, X. (2019). Exosomes in veterinary medicine: Current applications and future perspectives. Veterinary Research Communications, 43(3), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-019-09753-8

Khatua, A. K., Taylor, H. E., Hildreth, J. E. K., & Popik, W. (2009). Exosomes packaging APOBEC3G confer human immunodeficiency virus resistance to recipient cells. Journal of Virology, 83(2), 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01658-08

Kornicka, K., Szłapka-Kosarzewska, J., Śmieszek, A., & Marycz, K. (2019). Stem cell-derived exosomes in veterinary regenerative medicine. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, Article 298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00298

Kowal, J., Tkach, M., & Théry, C. (2014). Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 29, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.004

Kulka, M., Brennan, K., & Mc Gee, M. (2022). Investigation of canine extracellular vesicles in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One, 17(9), e0274261.

Lai, R. C., Arslan, F., Lee, M. M., Sze, N. S. K., Choo, A., Chen, T. S., Salto-Tellez, M., Timmers, L., Lee, C. N., El Oakley, R. M., Pasterkamp, G., de Kleijn, D. P. V., & Lim, S. K. (2010). Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Research, 4(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2009.12.003

Lee, K., Shao, H., Weissleder, R., & Lee, H. (2015). Acoustic purification of extracellular microvesicles. ACS Nano, 9(3), 2321–2327. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506538f

Lee, S.H.; Saadeldin, I.M. Exosomes as a Potential Tool for Supporting Canine Oocyte Development. Animals 2020, 10, 1971.

Li, P., Kaslan, M., Lee, S. H., Yao, J., & Gao, Z. (2017). Progress in exosome isolation techniques. Theranostics, 7(3), 789–804.

https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.18133

Li, X., Corbett, A. L., Taatizadeh, E., Tasnim, N., Little, J. P., Garnis, C., Daugaard, M., Guns, E., Hoorfar, M., & Li, I. T. S. (2019). Challenges and opportunities in exosome research—Perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioengineering, 3(1), Article 011503. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087122

Li, Y., Wang, J., Ma, T., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells improve cardiac function in a canine model of myocardial infarction. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 27, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.006

Li, Z., Liu, F., He, C., Liang, X., & Wu, J. (2018). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A novel therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 9(1), Article 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1025-1

Mao, F., Wu, Y., Tang, X., Kang, J., Zhang, B., Yan, Y., Qian, H., Zhang, X., & Xu, W. (2016). Mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes suppress inflammation in experimental colitis. Stem Cells International, 2016, Article 1925356. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1925356

Mathivanan, S., Ji, H., & Simpson, R. J. (2010). Exosomes: Extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication. Proteomics, 10(4), 731–741. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200900356

Meckes, D. G., & Raab-Traub, N. (2011). Microvesicles and viral infection. Journal of Virology, 85(23), 12844–12854. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05853-11

Minciacchi, V. R., Freeman, M. R., & Di Vizio, D. (2015). Extracellular vesicles in cancer: Exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 40, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.010

Mittelbrunn, M., & Sánchez-Madrid, F. (2012). Intercellular communication: Diverse structures for exchange of genetic information. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 13(5), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3335

Mocchi, M.; Dotti, S.; Del Bue, M.; Villa, R.; Bari, E.; Perteghella, S.; Torre, M.L.; Grolli, S. Veterinary Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Can Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome Be the New Frontier? Cells 2020, 9, 1453.

Mu, J., Zhuang, X., Wang, Q., Jiang, H., Deng, Z. B., Wang, B., Zhang, L., Kakar, S., Jun, Y., Miller, D., & Zhang, H. G. (2014). Interspecies communication between plant and mouse gut host cells through edible plant derived exosome-like nanoparticles. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 58(7), 1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300729

Nagaishi, K., Mizue, Y., Chikenji, T., Otani, M., Nakano, M., Konari, N., & Fujimiya, M. (2016). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate renal fibrosis in a canine model. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 5(9), 1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0388

Nolte-‘t Hoen, E. N. M., Buermans, H. P. J., Waasdorp, M., Stoorvogel, W., Wauben, M. H. M., & ‘t Hoen, P. A. C. (2012). Deep sequencing of RNA from immune cell-derived vesicles uncovers the selective incorporation of small non-coding RNA biotypes with potential regulatory functions. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(18), 9272–9285. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks658

O’Brien TJ, Hollinshead F, Goodrich LR. Extracellular vesicles in the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis: can horses help us translate this therapy to humans?. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids. 2023;4:151-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/evcna.2023.11

Ostrowski, M., Carmo, N. B., Krumeich, S., Fanget, I., Raposo, G., Savina, A., Moita, C. F., Schauer, K., Hume, A. N., Freitas, R. P., Goud, B., Benaroch, P., Hacohen, N., Fukuda, M., Desnos, C., Seabra, M. C., Darchen, F., Amigorena, S., Moita, L. F., & Théry, C. (2010). Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. Nature Cell Biology, 12(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2000

Pegtel, D. M., & Gould, S. J. (2019). Exosomes. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 88, 487–514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111902

Peinado, H., Alečković, M., Lavotshkin, S., Matei, I., Costa-Silva, B., Moreno-Bueno, G., Hergueta-Redondo, M., Williams, C., García-Santos, G., Ghajar, C. M., Nitadori-Hoshino, A., Hoffman, C., Badal, K., Garcia, B. A., Callahan, M. K., Yuan, J., Martins, V. R., Skog, J., Kaplan, R. N., ... Lyden, D. (2012). Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nature Medicine, 18(6), 883–891. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2753

Qamar, A.Y.; Fang, X.; Kim, M.J.; Cho, J. Improved Post-Thaw Quality of Canine Semen after Treatment with Exosomes from Conditioned Medium of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Animals 2019, 9, 865.

Qu, M., Lin, Q., Huang, L., Fu, Y., Wang, L., He, S., Fu, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., & Sun, X. (2018). Dopamine-loaded blood exosomes targeted to brain for better treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Controlled Release, 287, 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.035

Quimby, J. M., Dow, S. W., & Frank, C. B. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a novel therapy for feline chronic kidney disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23(6), 543–551. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X20967106

Rajendran, L., Honsho, M., Zahn, T. R., Keller, P., Geiger, K. D., Verkade, P., & Simons, K. (2006). Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(30), 11172–11177. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603838103

Ramos-Zayas, Y., Franco-Molina, M. A., Hernádez-Granados, A. J., Zárate-Triviño, D. G., Coronado-Cerda, E. E., Mendoza-Gamboa, E., … Rodríguez-Padilla, C. (2018). Immunotherapy for the treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor based in dendritic cells pulsed with tumoral exosomes. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 41(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2018.1533969

Raposo, G., & Stoorvogel, W. (2013). Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. Journal of Cell Biology, 200(4), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201211138

Ratajczak, J., Miekus, K., Kucia, M., Zhang, J., Reca, R., Dvorak, P., & Ratajczak, M. Z. (2006). Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles reprogram hematopoietic progenitors: Evidence for horizontal transfer of mRNA and protein delivery. Blood, 107(12), 4734–4741. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-09-3749

Ratajczak, J., Wysoczynski, M., Hayek, F., Janowska-Wieczorek, A., & Ratajczak, M. Z. (2012). Membrane-derived microvesicles: Important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia, 26(7), 1487–1495. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.23

Rider, M. A., Hurwitz, S. N., & Meckes, D. G., Jr. (2016). ExtraPEG: A polyethylene glycol-based method for enrichment of extracellular vesicles. Scientific Reports, 6, Article 23978. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23978

Saad, M. H., Badierah, R., Redwan, E. M., & El-Fakharany, E. M. (2021). A comprehensive insight into the role of exosomes in viral infection: dual faces bearing different functions. Pharmaceutics, 13(9), 1405.

Saulnier, N., Loriau, J., Cagnard, N., Bouchier, C., Maarek, O., Lugué, T., Viel, S., Guérin, C., Germaud, P., Ohlmann, C., Reynier, S., Viel, T., Puisieux, A., & Maddens, S. (2020). Exosome-based therapy for canine osteoarthritis: Preclinical evidence. The Veterinary Journal, 258, Article 105451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105451

Schorey, J. S., & Harding, C. V. (2016). Extracellular vesicles and infectious diseases: New complexity to an old story. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 126(4), 1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI81132

Smith, Z. J., Lee, C., Rojalin, T., Carney, R. P., Hazari, S., Knudson, A., Lam, K., Saari, H., Ibañez, E. L., Viitala, T., Laaksonen, T., Yliperttula, M., & Wachsmann-Hogiu, S. (2015). Single exosome study reveals subpopulations distributed among cell lines with variability related to membrane content. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 4, Article 28533. https://doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.28533

Tauro, B. J., Greening, D. W., Mathias, R. A., Ji, H., Mathivanan, S., Scott, A. M., & Simpson, R. J. (2012). Comparison of ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods for isolating human colon cancer cell line LIM1863-derived exosomes. Methods, 56(2), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.01.002

Théry, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., & Clayton, A. (2006). Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. Current Protocols in Cell Biology, 30(1), 3.22.1–3.22.29. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471143030.cb0322s30

Théry, C., Ostrowski, M., & Segura, E. (2009). Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nature reviews immunology, 9(8), 581-593.

Théry, C., Witwer, K. W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M. J., Anderson, J. D., Andriantsitohaina, R., ... Zuba-Surma, E. K. (2018). Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 7(1), Article 1535750.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750

Théry, C., Zitvogel, L., & Amigorena, S. (2002). Exosomes: Composition, biogenesis and function. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2(8), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri855

Tian, Y., Li, S., Song, J., Ji, T., Zhu, M., Anderson, G. J., Wei, J., & Nie, G. (2014). A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials, 35(7), 2383–2390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083

Troyer, RM; Ruby, CE; Goodall, CP; Yang, L.; Maier, CS; Albarqi, HA; Brady, JV; Bathke, K.; Taratula, O.; Mourich, D.; ve diğerleri. Osteosarkom ve normal osteoblastlardan elde edilen ekzosomlar, T hücreleri üzerindeki proteomik kargo ve immünomodülatör etkiler açısından farklılık göstermektedir. Exp. Cell Res. 2017 , 358 , 369–376.

Valadi, H., Ekström, K., Bossios, A., Sjöstrand, M., Lee, J. J., & Lötvall, J. O. (2007). Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nature Cell Biology, 9(6), 654–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1596

Vanlandingham, P. A., & Ceresa, B. P. (2009). Rab7 regulates late endocytic trafficking downstream of multivesicular body biogenesis and cargo sequestration. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(18), 12110–12124. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M809277200

Villani, R., Pezzetta, A., & Cerquetella, M. (2023). Topical application of exosomes in canine atopic dermatitis: A pilot study. Veterinary Dermatology, 34(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13135

Villarroya-Beltri, C., Baixauli, F., Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C., Sánchez-Madrid, F., & Mittelbrunn, M. (2014). Sorting it out: Regulation of exosome loading. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 28, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.009

Villatoro, A. J., Martín-Astorga, M. D. C., Alcoholado, C., & Becerra, J. (2020). Canine colostrum exosomes: Characterization and influence on the canine mesenchymal stem cell secretory profile and fibroblast anti-oxidative capacity. BMC veterinary research, 16(1), 417.

Weinman, M. A., Ramsey, S. A., Leeper, H. J., Brady, J. V., Schlueter, A., Stanisheuski, S., ... & Bracha, S. (2021). Exosomal proteomic signatures correlate with drug resistance and carboplatin treatment outcome in a spontaneous model of canine osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell International, 21(1), 245.

Whiteside, T. L. (2016). Tumor-derived exosomes and their role in cancer progression. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 74, 103–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2015.12.005

Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells alleviate inflammatory bowel disease in a canine model. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 245, Article 110389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110389

Xin, H., Li, Y., Buller, B., Katakowski, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Shang, X., Zhang, Z. G., & Chopp, M. (2013). Systemic administration of exosomes released from mesenchymal stromal cells promote functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity after stroke in rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 33(11), 1711–1715. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.152

Xu, Z., Zeng, S., Gong, Z. et al. Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 19, 160 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01278-3

Yang V.K., Loughran K.A., Meola D.M., Juhr C.M., Thane K.E., Davis A.M., Hoffman A.M. Circulating exosome microRNA associated with heart failure secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease in a naturally occurring canine model. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2017;6:1350088. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1350088.

Yang, G., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, S. (2021). Exosomes as a therapeutic tool for canine skin diseases. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article 654321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.654321

Zhang H, Wang S, Sun M, Cui Y, Xing J, Teng L, Xi Z, Yang Z. Exosomes as smart drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 17;13:1093607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093607. PMID: 36733388; PMCID: PMC9888251.

Zhang, C., Deng, R., Zhang, G., He, X., Chen, H., Chen, B., ... & Kang, X. (2022). Therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from stem cells in spinal cord injury: a systematic review based on animal studies. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 847444.

Zhang, J., Guan, J., Niu, X., Hu, G., Guo, S., Li, Q., Xie, Z., Zhang, C., & Wang, Y. (2015). Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0417-0

Zhang, S., Chuah, S. J., & Lai, R. C. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote cartilage regeneration in feline osteoarthritis models. Journal of Veterinary Science, 20(5), Article e54. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e54

Żmigrodzka, M., Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O., Rzepecka, A., Cywińska, A., Jagielski, D., & Winnicka, A. (2019). Extracellular vesicles in the blood of dogs with cancer—a preliminary study. Animals, 9(8), 575.